The Relation of Narratives and Video Games Essay Example for Free

The Relation of Narratives and Video Games Essay Computer games are a generally new type of diversion; the main computer game is viewed as Tennis for Two (1958), around fifty years prior, while film has been around for more than one-hundred years, the print machine for more than 500, and narrating for a huge number of years before that. Due to its novelty, computer games are a creating medium, their shows and potential have not been investigated as completely in correlation with film and writing. PCs as an innovation permit us to beat increasingly complex errands and get and use data more rapidly than past advances. Regularly there can be the propensity to portray the new medium as drastically unique in relation to the old, exclusively dependent on its innovation. In any case, it isn't really the situation. Computer games do have new abilities that different them from past narrating media and it is these new qualities of computer games that different them from movie and writing, making a domain of narrating where the customary account structure doesn't straightforwardly apply. Utilizing story media as models a ton can be found about computer games, be that as it may, one must recollect what makes them games. See more: how to begin a story paper Seeing computer games as a continuation of games all in all as opposed to an augmentation of film, they hold a history dating as far back as the old Egyptian round of Senet (found in the 2686 BC burial chamber of Hesy-re) (Juul, Half-Real 3-4). It is these game parts that must be comprehended before taking a gander at games from alternate points of view. Jesper Juul drew from scholars before him to introduce what he means the great game model. Juul characterizes that a game is: 1. a standard based proper framework; 2. with variable and quantifiable results; 3. where various results are allocated various qualities; 4. where the player applies exertion so as to impact the result; 5. the player feels sincerely connected to the result; 6. furthermore, the outcomes of the movement are discretionary and debatable (Half-Real 6-7). This model is just a barebones depiction of what games are and doesn't plot the assortment of games, or what makes games agreeable. This model is likewise transmedial, implying that games are not attached to any medium, similarly as narrating isn't attached to any mediumâ€there is no perfect game medium and there is no physical segment regular to all games, yet there exists the â€Å"immaterial† segment of decides that is normal to all games. Rules are the base segment of games. They oversee how the game is played and they ought to be structured in a manner to clarify what is and isn't permitted in playing the game. Games along these lines look like a state machine, a term utilized in software engineering to portray a machine that comprises of an underlying state, acknowledges various information occasions, that changes the state reacting to the data sources utilizing a state progress work (on account of this model, the game standards) and afterward creates yields utilizing a yield work. Imagining a game in that capacity, the action of playing a game creates a game tree that can be viewed as fanning out at every choice and info. Playing a game is cooperating with this state machine and investigating this game tree (Juul, Half-Real 55-56). Rules, in any case, are seen wherever on the planet, and it isn't exclusively the presence of decides that makes a game. The second thing of the exemplary game modelâ€that games must have variable and quantifiable outcomesâ€is a striking component of the game. In the event that a game exists so that regardless of how the player communicates with it, it generally creates precisely the same outcome, it's anything but a game. The variable results should likewise have various qualities, with some being more attractive to accomplish than others. In the computer game Super Mario Bros. (Nintendo 1985) the result of losing the entirety of the game lives is less alluring than vanquishing the last stage. A player should likewise apply exertion to impact the result, for the most part in a way that requires more exertion to understand an increasingly attractive result. It isn't simply enough that the player interfaces with the game, they should likewise have a feeling of organization. Office isn't just association, however connection where the player has impact (Murray 126). This isolates rounds of unadulterated possibility and betting as marginal cases. In a game where the player rolls a pass on and the aftereffect of rolling a six is viewed as triumph, the player just applies paltry exertion to roll the bite the dust, and shows no office. The player of a game should likewise feel genuinely appended to the outcomeâ€if the player loses the entirety of their lives in Super Mario Bros. , the player has accomplished a negative result, and consents to feel tragic, while in the event that they rout the last stage, they have accomplished a positive result and consent to feel glad. In the event that the player isn't genuinely appended to the result, they would not apply the push to play. The 6th thing of the great game model isolates games from the genuine worldâ€game scholars Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman consider this subset of this present reality an enchantment circle (95). Games are a piece of the world that they exist in, however the principles cut out a world isolated from this present reality. It is here where the results of results are discretionary and negotiableâ€games are a willful movement where players can choose the outcomes of the game. Soccer, for instance, is where now and again players choose the outcomes are basically the magnificence of triumph, however different players, conclude that the results are vocation changing (on account of expert soccer players). Then again, the standards for a political decision are down like and could be played as a game, yet a genuine political race has chosen, non-debatable outcomes and consequently is certifiably not a game. In a similar way, it could be contended that proficient soccer is certainly not a game, yet soccer itself is as yet thought to be a game as it is realized that soccer is played recreationally and its outcomes are debatable. The great game model diagrams games as a willful movement that assesses a players performanceâ€based on a players exertion and aptitude in connecting with the game guidelines, a variable result with a joined worth is reached, to which the player is genuinely appended. Notwithstanding, with the appearance of the computer game (just as the pen-and-paper pretending game), the great game model isn't entirely there is to games any longer. It is as yet an important definition, however the expansion of the PC to games changes the standard game definition. With regards to rules, the PC can deal with unquestionably more unpredictable procedures than a human, taking into account games where the player is liberated from authorizing the principles of the game, rather having the PC run as an arbitrator of sort. This arbitrator ability can work anyplace from playing spasm tac-toe to recreating whole anecdotal universes. The capacity of the PC to run as an official additionally takes into account rules and computations to be left well enough alone from the player. This capacity to deal with a lot of data, just as the capacity to run it in mystery takes into account the PC to oversee entire anecdotal universes producing another sort of game, the movement game. This presently implies there exists two kinds of games (components of which can be joined): development games and movement games. Most games that have existed before computer games are rise gamesâ€games where a huge assortment of game varieties and results originate from a little arrangement of rules. Chess, soccer and Pong (Atari 1972) are instances of the development game. Movement games require the player to complete a predefined grouping of occasions so as to beat the game. The movement game came to fruition with the experience game and early models incorporate The Legend of Zelda (Nintendo 1986) and Final Fantasy (Square 1987). Since computer games can have this movement capacity and the capacity to effectively run anecdotal situations, they have extended to incorporate narrating parts. The investigation of computer games, accordingly, digs into the investigation of rules and connection, yet in addition the investigation of account too. Stories work essentially uniquely in contrast to games and one can't utilize similar techniques for concentrate for both. Thusly, when looking at games and stories, similarly as one must get games, the rudiments of account in contrast with games must be comprehended also. The Oxford English Dictionary characterizes a story as a spoken or composed record of associated occasions; a story. There are three conventional segments of the account: setting, character and occasions (plot)â€a story comprises of a world arranged in time, populated by characters that take an interest in real life. The world is free of the topic of fictionality, as stories can be of genuine just as anecdotal occasions. They can likewise be part into two levels, the talk (the recounting the story) and the story itself. Every one of these levels has its own time, talk time and story time, separately. The story time is the time it took for the real occasions to happen, and the talk time is the time it takes for the retelling (Juul, â€Å"Games Telling Stories†). Seven days may go in a story with no occasion, and hence the account could discount it in one sentence, while an activity scene that endured simply a couple of moments could take any longer to clarify. This implies despite the fact that the account might be watching occasions one after another, there exists an understanding that the occasions are not really happening right now of perusing (Juul, â€Å"Games Telling Stories†). Stories are not restricted to the novel or narrating, and can unmistakably be interpreted between various story mediaâ€The Fellowship of the Ring by J. R. R Tolkien is conspicuous as the film of a similar name. Be that as it may, not all things can be moved similarly also. For instance, f

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 27

Business - Essay Example This accordingly infers it is critical to ensure that the workforce is fulfilled and relating great with each other. A workforce that is very much persuaded, filling in as a group, and has a decent workplace are for the most part fixings required for accomplishment of any business. It is upon the administration to work of any business to guarantee that there is cooperation I the association, and that the workforce is persuaded. In building representative inspiration there is requirement for the administration to make a solid establishment that should go about as the primary main impetus of the workers. Building an establishment includes returning to the organization’s mission, vision and destinations. It is critical to ensure that all workers are completely mindful of the organization’s vision, crucial, goals. This is significant since it gives a rule on what the association all in all is moving in the direction of. Also, information on the mission, vision, and targets is significant for workers to make a self-evaluation to decide whether they are in correspondence with singular profession objectives and yearnings. Correspondence of individual vocation objectives with objectives of the association brings a feeling of having a place and subsequently there are higher odds of feeling roused. This ought to be done every now and again new representatives joining the association so as to guarantee t hat the whole workforce is very much inspired. It is upon the administration to manufacture a helpful and inviting climate inside the association in an offer to persuade the workforce. A decent workplace persuades representatives and there are not really any instances of non-appearance. This is on the grounds that a favorable air in work places causes representatives to feel significant and agreeable. It is amazingly simple to deal with all types of business related difficulties when representatives are in an agreeable situation. The administration ought to guarantee that representatives feel great to move toward them with all inquiries in regards to work. For example, the

Describe 3 types of environments physically, emotionally and Essay

Depict 3 kinds of situations genuinely, sincerely and Psychological - Essay Example The physical condition has formed my convictions, qualities, sentiments and social propensities towards inclinations for engineering structures that join ventilations, splendid hues and bloom gardens. The passionate condition particularly at the family level and from peers has been strong in my character arrangement. I am ready to collaborate well with outsiders and addition trust of friends. As needs be, I see myself as a regarded person who esteems human pride and human rights. The physical condition has molded my convictions towards ecological preservation. Having experiencing childhood in a physical situation with assorted types of regular vegetation, I esteem ecological preservation and that is the reason I favor living in houses with a nursery with fascinating trees and blossoms (Nagar 90). The physical condition, for example, design of the structures impacted my relationship with a urban way of life. I lean toward living in clean urban communities that approach fundamental con veniences like water, power and recreational offices like arenas. Likewise, I feel solid connection with the nearby geological scene and family legacy. For this situation, I would wish to change the artistic creations of my home to fit with the white artworks on the house I grew up and change the rugs on the floor (Nagar 78). I have a solid need to customize the spot I live so I can have a sense of security and enabled. Despite the fact that I travel to better places, I have a go at searching for places that make me increasingly agreeable and offer me open doors for play and unwinding. I lean toward shows in parks, watching football in arenas and clean ways where I can ride bikes. As needs be, the smell of the nursery blossoms, moonrises and sea waves that I used to involvement with the earth have a character sway since I connected blossoms with joy and sea waves with viciousness. Be that as it may, I encountered some mental stressors identified with nature, for example, expanded co mmotion in the areas and high temperatures once I began going to class (Nagar 108). For this situation, I lean toward living in cool conditions that are liberated from regular calamities like tornadoes or seismic tremors that I consider pushing. The arenas, stops and wearing offices affected by enthusiasm for watching and cheering games (Bechtel 78). The enthusiastic condition has helped me increase confidence through taking part in useful discussions with relatives and companions. I had the option to show prosocial practices in schools and imaginative articulations at both home and school. The passionate condition formed my long lasting battle for stewardship exercises and network association that targets having any kind of effect in various social and monetary parts of human life. For example, I feel that I am regarded and individuals are eager to hear me out particularly when featuring issues to do with environmental change, requirement for social union and training in the genera l public (Nagar 302). The passionate condition was liberated from savagery or violations along these lines I have had the option to go without forceful practices or crimes. The enthusiastic condition in my home and school pushed for high accomplishment, brilliant intellectual working and ingenuity in seeking after both individual and scholarly objectives (Bechtel 103). My companions at the work environment are sincerely wise, and affected me in controlling negative mind-sets. I see myself as an individual with high passionate versatility since I

Essay Topic - Make Your Own Career Choices

Essay Topic - Make Your Own Career ChoicesSince so many people are opting to go abroad, they may need to prepare a career study abroad essay topic. You might want to prepare your own job resume, for your own future as a foreign citizen. The hardest part about this is that, you do not know what the other candidates, or any of the students, might be looking for in their essay topics. It is important to make your own choices and strategies for your own career purpose.So what kind of culture and identity essay topic should you choose? What is it that makes this individual so special that he/she is chosen as the best candidate for your employment? This is the kind of question, that you must ask yourself before you write your own essay topic. What makes you unique?Your personality and questions are of great importance, because the whole interview questions depend on how well you know your culture and people. In other words, your culture and identity are one of the most important parts of y our qualifications. One of the reasons why many people are getting job offers is simply because they have applied for and received employment at a place or they have certain advantages over other applicants, like your knowledge of the culture and identity of the person that you will be working with.The first step in preparing an essay topic for you is to create an identity of who you are and what you think about yourself and your ideas. This is the key to your future, to your career and to your life in general. If you do not know yourself, how can you determine who you are?At this point, if you are unsure what to write about, you should prepare your own essay topic that fits the interests and expertise of the employer. When you write your essays, you will be able to obtain knowledge that will give you an edge over other applicants, if you are preparing an essay topic that is specific to the type of position that you are applying for.Would you like to know what not to include? Well, there are a few things that you should avoid mentioning because you will hurt your chances with an employer.One of the best aspects of preparing your own essay topic is that, you can change the content of your essay as and when necessary. You do not have to stick to the exact content that you had planned. If you are the kind of person that likes to express yourself and be creative, you can add new information or even reposition yourself in your essay topic.

The Separation Of Church And State - 1026 Words

When we hear the word politics we immediately think republicans or democrats, left or right. But what people don’t think about is religion. Hardly anybody uses those terms in the same sentence. But religion and politics are one. Even though religion does not control the government it plays a major role in creation of laws and regulations for the citizens of this â€Å"free country†. While the constitution expresses the separation of church and state, we can examine the laws to prove no such separation exist by highlighting the tax laws of church, the issue of abortion and the denial of gay rights. Though religion shouldn’t exist in politics, it’s there and it has taken citizens’ rights away. Churches have been exempted from paying taxes for many years saving millions and millions of dollars every year. The estimated value of untaxed church properties in the United States is on the order of $300 billion to $500 billion (Schweitzer). Though churches don’t pay taxes, they still use municipal services and expect police and fire departments to respond in case of an emergency, at the cost of regular tax-payers’ money. Just in New York City 627 million dollars were lost to religious institutions that are tax-exempt according to the New York Post. While churches do make charitable work, they are mainly visited for religious worship, where hospitals and shelters do work that otherwise would fall under the government therefore the tax exemption is justified. Freedom of religion isShow MoreRelatedSeparation Of Church And State1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthe separation of church and state still necessary in the overall legal and social aspects of a modern society such as the United States? Research and history show that maintaining the church separate from the government is important for the ongoing success of a free and well functioning society. Separation of church and state is a political and legal doctrine which states that government and religious institutions are to be kept separate and independent from one another. Ideally, the church shouldRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesSeparation of church and state is a defined as, the understanding of the intent, and function of the Establishment Clause, and Free Exercise Clause. The Combination of church and state has been a topic that, many generations have struggled with for centuries. The first amendment of the constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law about our religious beliefs, or prohibiting our free exercise of religion† If we put our faith in the constitution to define the founding father’s standpoint ofRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State902 Words   |  4 PagesA Closer look at the Separation of Church and State in the United States Although â€Å"God† is mentioned in the Constitution, this country was built upon the principle of separation of church and state. Despite this ideal, those elected into office: propose, pass, and deny laws based on their religious beliefs, completely disregarding the previously mentioned principle. The problem with that is that the country is so ethnically and culturally diverse that one religion representing an entire nation ofRead MoreThe separation of church and state1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe separation of church and state has been a long debated topic in the history of America. Although founded upon Christian ideals, the framers of the Constitution explicitly outlined the government to function secularly, in what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Establishment Clause†. When interpreting the Constitution in regards to religion, there are two primary philosophies. The first philosophy this paper will explore will be referred to as Positive Toleration. In gen eral, the idea of positiveRead MoreSeparation of Church and State701 Words   |  3 PagesSeparation of Church and State To understand Locke’s argument for the separation of church and state you first need to understand what the purpose of the government is. Locke stated that the government is supposed to support civil interest. These civil interests include property, life, and security. Therefore the government’s job is to protect the civil interests of the people using force lawfully. 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The first amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting the establishment of religion or impeding the free exercise of religion ( (Rotunda, 2004). This amendment established the separation of church and government that our country was founded on and still practices today. We as Americans are freeRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1825 Words   |  8 PagesSeparation of church and state refers to the division of the relationship between religion and government. Various laws apply to different countries around the world about the separation of church and state. Some involve religion so much into their daily lives; it controls how their country is run. In other places, where it is not mandated as much, it becomes a problem in disputing what is and what is not right. The United States of America faces this issue as they struggle deciding what the meaningRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdirection and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, and inhabitants of communities, societies, and states. While documents have been written to help the leaders of our country, there is constant debate over what changes need to be made. Some believe that the country is falling apart while others think minor adjustments need to be made. The separation of church and state is also a topic of debate. The question of what needs to be changed and where religion falls in all of this are alwaysRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe separation between church and state is a debate that continues to grow with tension as the culture of America rapidly polarizes. A long-standing claim that America was founded on Christian doctrine is a common argument in favor of the church and state to remain tog ether, yet the most commonly used metaphor explaining what the â€Å"Separation of Church and State† contextually means in today’s terms is simply that government and religion should not coincide with one another in any capacity. Evidence

The Christian View Of God - 1647 Words

With recent technology offering a more comprehensive perspective of the current global atrocities, the existence of evil has never been more prevalent. If evil is defined as extreme suffering, premature death, and moral corruption, its existence questions the Christian view of God. The Christian God is an all-seeing, all-powerful being of moral perfection. Because these two truths cannot coexist, the fact that evil exists disproves the existence of the Christian God. If God is omnipotent, He could prevent any injustice. Since injustice does exist, it is necessary to modify either our perception of God s morality of, the extent of his power, or the limitations of human understanding. It is unlikely that God allows for the existence of evil due to a moral reason. This view of morality comes from our modern interpretation of ethics and would need to justify the pain and prejudice evident in the human world, deeming it either neutral or good. Many of those who have experienced tremendous injustices also fail to reconcile the existence of God and evil. Elie Wiesel, a holocaust survivor, writes in his autobiographical work Night that I did not deny God s existence, but I doubted His absolute justice, (Wiesel, Ch. 3). It is an abuse of power to justify the suffering of others based on an end-goal without their consent or acknowledgment. If we accept this as fact, our perception of morality must change to include this defense of suffering. Thus, if the basis of faith and GodShow MoreRelatedChristian And Muslim Views Of The God2438 Words   |  10 Pagesyears, people have worshiped various Gods and idols, but by far Jesus Christ of Nazareth is now the most widely known religious figure in the world. He is central to Christianity, the largest religion in the world. In this paper, this writer will examine the Christian and Muslim views of the deity of Jesus. This paper will demonstrate the validity of the deity of Jesus Christ and the Trinity in response to the Muslims objection of Jesus Christ. The Christian and Muslim religions have many similaritiesRead More Comparing Islam and Christianity Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesprominent differences include atonement, the identity of God, heaven, view of Jesus, and the perception of the Christian Bible. It is these not-so-subtle contrasts of thoughts that separate the two most prevalent religions in the world. One of the most important differences in Christianity and Islam is the concept of atonement. In Christianity, Jesus’ death on the cross allows Christians to repent from their sins and gain forgiveness from God. 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This education will eventually affect how he sees Christianity, especially concerning the use of neo-Platonic ideas in Christian theology. Augustine converted to orthodoxRead MoreChristian Worldview : A Worldview864 Words   |  4 Pagesof the world and second, an application of this view to life.† (Dr. John MacArthur, May 2006). A Christian worldview requires for us Christians to learn and know what the word of God teach us. For us Christians this worldview begins in Genesis chapter one verse one, with God creating the heavens and the earth. Christians should be altogether glad to embrace the certain and true mind of God the Father (Rom 11:34), God the Son (1 Cor. 2:16), and God the Spirit (Rom 8:27). In contrast to Peter, whoRead MoreCore Doctrines Are Apart Of The Christian Faith1488 Words   |  6 PagesGod: Core doctrines are apart of the Christian faith and should be taught no matter what the denomination is. Doctrines are not negotiable throughout the universal Christian churches. However, churches may have different dogmatic beliefs, because there are not set in stone and vary. Theology is defined by Beth Felker Jones as being â€Å"the study of the things of God, a God who loves the world.† Theology is a practice that affects Christians’ lives in many ways: the way that they think, live, and howRead MoreThe Christian Reality1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Christian reality consists of both a physical and a supernatural world. Men for a long time have been aware of these two realities and yet many times have only looked at just one or the other. The Greek philosophers have held opposing views on what is real. These philosophies are known as idealism or realism. Each hold to truths that are found in Christian beliefs, but also contain beliefs that are opposed to Christian ity. Idealism holds to many ideas that can be accepted by Christians. 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United Nations Development Programme

Question: Discuss about the United Nations Development Programme. Answer: Introduction The World War II broke the ice for the crusade that led to the formation of the United Nations in 1945. (Hambro and Goodrich, 1946) The ramifications of the war had a devastating impact on the sanctity of human life. Succinctly, the United Nation is a precipitate of the social and political maelstrom that transgressed, violated and trampled upon inherent human rights colonial era ethos. (Murphy, 2006)In this regard, various organizations stemmed from the UN Chatter, blossomed up to champion the well-being of humanity. (UN Chatter, 1945) Of special and keen interest to this report are the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and its legal environment. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) The UNDP was established in 1965 and has gained prominence in the promotion and the protection of human rights through sustainable development programme. (Murphy, 2006) Since its inception, its principal focus has been predicated on promotion of good governance, reduction of poverty in developing countries, disaster management and increasing the access to sustainable energy in a bid to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. (Stokke, 2009) The significance of the UNDP cannot be undermined as it has been working with an estimated 170 countries to achieve its objective. The Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh epitomizes UNDPs true achievement. (Harrison, 2015) In 1998 the UNDP unveiled its policy of integration of human rights with human development as its touchstone for improving the quality of life. (Brett 2009) The bedrock functions of the policy included promoting the application of human rights with a development programme based approach and solidifying the national human rights enforcement systems and mechanisms. Recently, in February 2013 the UNDPs executive board that has 36 representatives from different counties held a meeting that deliberated on its promotion of access to energy and protection of the environment for poverty reduction and human development. Legal governance, management and relationship issues It is instructive to note that the world population has significantly increased since the inception of the United Nations Chatter. This has led to a drastic change and improvement in the management and structure of the UNDP, which has been improved to broaden its area of coverage and help the simultaneous eradication of extreme poverty and development of quality human life. The UNDP executive board developed a strategic plan in 2013 that came into effect in October 2014 with the result of a significant restructure of the regional and headquarters management and administration. Accordingly, the UNDP has developed a Programme and Operations Policies and Procedures (POPP) that provides for the managing of its internal affairs that include procedural standards and also it acts as a guide to make policy and risk-informed decisions. The POPP explicates how the financial and human resources of the UNDP are a management and provides for mechanisms of handling disasters and project management . This legal policy document can be accessed by the public. It is worth noting that the UNDP has an accountability framework that serves as an independent internal oversight to ensure the work undertaken by the UNDP is done within the international accepted standards and is markedly efficient and effective in its operations. Significantly, the UNDP through its operations has developed a plausible relationship with several countries to assist wrench humanity out of undesired suffering and follow the path of development. It bears noting that the relationships have been largely based on treaties and legal policies. Legislation At the outset, there is a collective web of legislations that were formed pursuant to the United Nations Chatter that aide the UNDP propel its objectives and goals. The UN Chatter is the mother of all documents that guide the UNDP that provides for fundamental freedom and rights of persons. The International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights that was adopted by the United Nation General Assembly in 1966 is very instrumental towards the realization of civil and political rights that help promote governance and prevent desolation and depredation of the political order. The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights that was also adopted 1966 plays a pivotal role that drives the agenda of UNDP to eradicate extreme poverty and improve access to energy by providing for a comprehensive bill of rights that confers upon individuals rights such as the right to water, food education and medical services. The united Nation Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) is also a vital legislation of the United Nations that provides for human rights and fundamental freedoms in its provisions that should be achieved by member states. Areas of Risk The UNDP has faced very high legal risks in its operations. The governance of some countries has failed terribly with the political order in the states remaining indeterminate. In this regard, to implement the aims and objectives of the UNDP has been notoriously difficult. There are countries that are in constant war such as South Sudan where reaching the people becomes a challenge and the government. Governments that flagrantly violate human rights and do not observe are a major challenge too to the UNDP. The principles of the rule of law and equality before the law are paramount towards realizing good governance. States where the poor have no major say in decision making are almost having democracy slipping into comma. Essentially Democracy and the Rule of law are areas of high legal risk that UNDP subjects its self upon harboring the intention to pursue these areas in a state. (Goodman and Jinks, 2004) State sovereignty is among the major areas of high legal risk that this paper shall give peculiar interest. State sovereignty It should be borne in mind that UNDP is an international organization that seeks to intrude on the privacy of a sovereign state. (Edward, 2003) This is a major area of high legal risk that poises a conundrum to the UNDP to apply the concepts of international law and international customary practice to help some state develop and improve the protection human rights. Precisely, the concept of state sovereignty connotes that each country is independent and free from control by any organization and has unfettered power to make decisions concerning its own affairs. The UNDP lacks a formidable enforcement mechanism to defeat extreme poverty in counties like Africa where the precepts of international law that are contained in the legislations discussed above become difficult to apply. What shocked the conscience of the legal firmament in the world is the threat that members of the African Union made to withdraw from the Rome statues that forms the ICC. It is a pity that, while an organization such as UNDP seeks to help developing countries, the legal concept of state sovereignty is even in modern day a bar to its success. (Donnelly, 2014) Implication of the risk (state sovereignty) State sovereignty and territorial sovereignty find convergence in the idea inherent in them. (Larry and Zachary 2010) Some states declare that they do not need any international assistance to the extent of not allowing the support staff of such organizations such as the UN peacekeepers to cross to their territories. A considerable number UN peacekeepers other United Nation functionaries have lost their lives due to hostile states. Essentially, because of the myopic sense of thinking of the political class in some of these states, extreme poverty and under-development will become a permanent feature describing them. ( Lekha and Wermester, 2003) It is strategically unreasonable, while discussing state sovereignty, not to associate the corrupt behavior that is outlandish and unwarranted, of the political class that hides under the guise of state sovereignty to protect their opportunistic predation tendencies. Grand corruption prevents resources that were meant for the people and public at large from reaching them because of the selfish interest of the political. If this veil of state sovereignty is lifted then developing countries could quickly emerge to be developed through the help of organizations such as UNDP. (Kristen, 2009) The International Court of Justice (ICJ), which is a judicial organ of the United Nation, has had a share of its risk and challenges. Political leaders who systemically violate the principles set by the UNDP legislations are at times called to justice in this court and they plead that they are a sovereign state and their affairs should not be interfered with. (Cortright, Lopez and Gerber, 2002) Enforcement mechanisms to apply the warrant of arrest granted by the court have very little effect. Political leaders like Omar Bashir of Sudan still have a warrant on their heads but very little can be done to ensure his arrest. The recent case of Kenyas top political leadership answering to cases of egregious human rights violations in the country at the International Criminal Court is an epitome of the challenges and risks that the international organizations such as the UNDP face. The risk that is faced with the implication of state sovereignty is that some states which are at war will continue being at war if they rest their opinions on the assumptions that they are the only solutions to the challenges they face. The UNDP as an organization faces a high risk of possible weakening its institution for lacking proper and effective enforcement mechanisms of its policies and objectives. The continuous attack on international aide representatives is a high risk that UNDP faces in carrying out its mandate. Cases of an abduction of staff working for organizations such as this have been on the rise in developing countries with a particular notoriety in Somalia, where a terrorist group famously referred to as Alshabaab often abduct these staff. (Booth, 2013) Additionally, the ramifications of this risk will have a long term effect on the citizens of the country that is hindering international aid from UNDP. Citizens will lack fundamental human resources such as food shelter and water and life goes back to what Thomas Hobbes described as short, nasty and brutish. High violence and crime rates will be in the country as access to energy and poor development will remain to be a common experience within the country. The dominant argument here is that countries that profess to be sovereign so as to avoid international duty and obligation imposed by the UNDP and other related organizations will not only be referred to as failed states but they will also face inadequate economic cooperation from developed states. The UNDP also faces the risk of falling short of functions to perform as an organization because the personnel that is involved in the field activities will, in the long run, be inadequate. This could likely be because of the deterrent effect of the actions of the hostile states. Very few individuals will be will to work in such areas that pose a threat to their lives. The abduction cases by the hostile citizens of such nations where the terrorists demand huge sums of money as ransom, kills the spirit of devoted staff of the UNDP. Strategic options of the legal risk and recommendations The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is a strategic option that states should become parties to. The convention states in its article 27 that states should not invoke their domestic law for the breach on an international obligation required by an international organization such as the UNDP. (Vienna Convention,1969) Additionally, it states that treaties that are entered by states should be signed in good faith. This is an overarching principle in international law referred to as Puctus sunt servanda that obligates treaties to habitually obey international treaties and their subsequent organizations because they entered into the agreement in good faith. (OFlaherty, 2011) The UNDP should arrange with the civil society in various countries who will play a major role in increasing awareness and the importance role played by the UNDP. (Jolly, Emmerij and Ghai, 2004) The civil society will also explain the objective of the UNDP of eradicating poverty, increasing access to energy and development of quality life. This will give the organization a wide acceptance among citizens and the opportunity to propagate its objectives. The civil society can also create awareness among the youth of a country so that they can exert pressure on their political leadership to apply the principles that the UNDP is imposing on them. The UNDP should also build a strong relationship with the private sector of a country because, for the eradication of extreme poverty, a strong private sector is needed. (Gilbert, Hampson, and Sandoval, 2011) It is the private sector that will assist and fuel the fast attainment of sustainable economic development. The international private sector should also play a major role in terms of monetary donations to civil societies in countries and to poverty trapped families. The international business organizations through the UNDP can also assist in donations that will go far to help in sanitation water, food and upgrading of slums. (Keyes, 2012) The International Criminal Court (ICC) has been ridiculed to be toothless and chasing the wind. These sentiments have some elements of reality because the court has a weak enforcement mechanism. It is strongly recommended that a strong enforcement mechanism of the court orders issued will create an appealing path for organizations such as UNDP to realize their full potential. (Elizabeth, 2010) Conclusion The UNDP should be applauded for its activities that have had a positive impact on the lives of many people in the world at large. It is however submitted that the UNDP should seek to improve the enforcement mechanism of its legislations so that its developing programs can have a far-reaching effect. It is imperative to note that the importance of the UNDP should not be undermined and the civil society and the private sector in various countries should peacefully welcome their ideas and funding. On the other hand, governments are highly encouraged to give full effect of the policies by ensuring the domestication of the treaties and policies as laws in their countries. If the precepts supplied provided in this research are applied fully the UNDP will easily manage its legal environment that is mostly comprised of the legislations and the various policies that it has developed. The legal environment of any organization is not one easy to manage and requires tact and high level competence that this report has displayed. Reference Booth C, (2013) All Necessary Measures: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention; Walling University of Pennsylvania Press, Brett, R (2009) A Curates Egg: UN Human Rights Council: Year 3, Quaker United Nations Office Cortright D, Lopez G and Gerber L, (2002) Sanctions and the Search for Security: Challenges to UN Action Donnelly J, (2014) State Sovereignty and International Human Rights: Ethics International Affairs, Volume 28, Issue 2 Edward C., (2003) Reforming the United Nations: Lessons from a History in Progress, International Relations Studies and the United Nations Elizabeth R, (2010) Can the United Nations Do Anything? International Journal, Vol. 65, No. 2 Gilbert, G, Hampson, F and Sandoval, C (2011) The Delivery of Human Rights: Essays in Honour of Professor Sir Nigel Rodley. Goodman R and Jinks D (2004) How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54 (3) Hambro E and Leland M. Goodrich, (1946) Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents, World Peace Foundation Harrison T, (2015) Doing development differently: Partnership brokering in a programme addressing urban poverty in Bangladesh; Based on a report commissioned by Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction Project(UPPR), UNDP Bangladesh Jolly, R., Emmerij. L. and Ghai, D., (2004) UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press Keyes, N. (2012). A Global Coalition Can Tap Geothermal Power and Drive Development. World Bank blog Kristen H, (2009) State Sovereignty as an Obstacle to International Criminal Law Cambridge University Press Larry, M and Zachary, H (2010) International Criminal Law and Philosophy Cambridge University Press Lekha S and Wermester K (2003) From Promise to Practice: Strengthening UN Capacities for the Prevention of Violent Conflict Stokke, O., (2009) The UN and Development: From Aid to Cooperation, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press Murphy, C.N. (2006), The United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press OFlaherty, M (2011) Reform of the UN Human Rights Treaty Body System: Locating the Dublin Statement in Gilbert, G, Hampson, F and Sandoval C (eds) The Delivery of Human Rights: Essays in Honour of Professor Sir Nigel Rodley United Nations (1945) The Charter of the United Nations Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 1969.

The Governments Response to Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda free essay sample

A political creative writing paper on Osama Bin Laden/Al-Qaeda written from the point of view of a fictitious governmental agency. The following paper is a fictitious response to Osama Bin Ladens terrorist arguments, which describes and justifies the actions a government would have to undertake to combat terrorists. Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist Al-Qaeda organization have committed a number of atrocities in recent years, culminating in the horrific attacks of September 11th 2001. They continue to postulate justifications for their actions, and present arguments in support of their continuing jihad, or `holy war` against the non-Islamic West, and the United States of America in particular. Following the recent Al-Qaeda terrorist activity, this Government has resolved both to address the terrorists arguments and explain the number of wide-ranging actions and initiatives that have been implemented in order to combat this grave terrorist threat.

Correlation between Resistivity and dopant concentration essays

Correlation between Resistivity and dopant concentration essays From observation alone, we can notice that the higher the concentration, the lower the resistivity. This is consistent with the Drude model, which states that the higher the concentration of conducting charges is, the higher conductivity would result. In this case, where the dopant is boron which has only three electrons in its outmost shell, the conducting would be predominantly holes, while electron conduction could only account for small part of conductivity. So theoretically, we can just consider the contribution of holes. However, we would expect some deviation due to this approximation. Among all the samples, the ones with lower dopant concentration would be expected to have more contribution from electrons, which means the resistivity would be lower than the theoretical result. Moreover, according to formula for calculation of resistivity , the tips of probes would have large resistivity, which in return depends on the extend to which the probe contact with the wafer. For different wafer, errors exist. In this sense, we would not expect the logarithm graph of the experiment to be perfect linear. Impurities and the scratches on the surface may also contribute to the errors. As we stated before, the higher the concentration, the lower the resistivity. For high concentration samples, the resistivity would be small so that the small change in current does not result in much change in voltage determined, according to the formula V=IR. We would expect the voltage readings to be quite stable. In contrast, for lower concentration samples, resistivity would be larger, and the voltage would be easily affected. So we would expect it fluctuate from time to time, as we observed in the experiment. Furthermore, because the lab has a lot of electronic appliances, such as handphones and computers, which would exert an electromagnetic field to their ambience (in fact the apparatus is just beside a computer), the Hall effect would occur ...

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 12

International Business - Essay Example Additionally, this part will attempt to explain why comprehending the local religious practices and beliefs are significant to the success of a business. Dreher (46) defined globalization as both a process and worldwide condition in which the globe is becoming more interconnected while communication has become instantaneous as each day passes. Technology is the key driver to globalization. On the other hand, cultural individuality is the opposite of collectivism. Therefore, in an individualistic culture, concepts and views are based on the self and thus they are independent instead of relying on the group. As a result, they often value their personal goals more than the group’s goals. In most instances, cultural individualistic societies are made up of a diverse population exhibiting low communication and low power distance characteristics. Countries such as Canada, Australia ,and New Zealand are said to possess a highly individualistic culture. People in countries such as Singapore used to eat fried rice at the time McDonalds was opening in America. That is in 1955. During this period, most people had not heard of the term cheeseburger. Little people from Singapore expected that McDonald would soon be a big hit there within a very short time. Currently, McDonald is an enterprise operating in many countries worldwide. A recent survey conducted in about six countries revealed that many more people are familiar with the McDonald symbol than they are with the Christian cross. This example signifies the importance of globalization in enhancing or promoting cultural sameness. Thus, through globalization, multinational corporations and companies have promoted and designed a specific type of consumerist culture where standard commodities which are often promoted by worldwide marketing campaigns create same lifestyles globally. Through globalization, multinational corporations influence the values of its employees and customers.

Works of Art Comparison and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Works of Art Comparison and Contrast - Essay Example The essay "Works of Art Comparison and Contrast" incorporates several works of art placed side by side for comparison and contrast purposes. Matisse Henry paints â€Å"Nasturtiums with the Painting Dance† within the 1900 AD timeline. This artwork emphasizes on illustrating the theme of dancing based on the artist’s version of this subject. Using painting oil, he depicts a tall image consisted of a picture within a picture on canvas. The image depicts the subject matter of dance and dancing, as the two human images seem to dance around the jar sited on the turning table and overflowing with nasturtiums. This image shows fauvism existent the twentieth-century in the European Art. Similarly, O’Keeffe utilizes painting oil on canvas in the artwork, â€Å"From the Faraway, Nearby† in the 1900 AD intended to bring forth the themes of precisionism in modern and contemporary art. Furthermore, to illustrate the same in the twentieth-century American art, the artist shows an animal skull sitting on mountainous landscapes. This art means to represent the women artists in North America through suggestions of physical and emotional realisms of the Southwest. Moreover, O’Keeffe’s â€Å"Cow’s Skull: Red, White and Blue† painted in 1931 precedes â€Å"From the Faraway, Nearby.† Both artworks reveal the artist’s love for use of skulls to pass messages. The â€Å"Cow’s Skull: Red, White and Blue† displays the prominent three colors of the American flag. This use of the distinctive colors illustrates how images symbolized America. ... On the other hand, American scene painters utilized this opportunity to unravel the existent urban problems during that time. Nonetheless, the weathered cow’s skull used by O’Keeffe represented America’s enduring spirit, thus, making the artwork a quintessential West American icon. Pippin, on the other hand, aims at illustrating historical themes in his artwork as the key subject matter. These historical settings mostly rest on his fighting experience in the Infantry regiment wars. Through these artwork pippin also enhances religious and political symbols. In this regard, Pippin’s â€Å"Lady of the Lake† distinctively shows the literary subject matter acquired from the past Arthurian legends through the portraits landscape setting. The personified naked sunbather stretched out on a blanket at the water’s edge demonstrates the exaggeration of scale to give a certain perspective. Most importantly, the use of bright and intense blends of red and green typically illustrates the use of palette during the period of 1900 AD4. Additionally, Hopper in 1930 draws an art piece named â€Å"Tables for Ladies† that most importantly illustrates his personal existence during the Great Depression in America. All through the period, very few Americans afforded to dine in restaurants as illustrated by the restaurant’s emptiness. The artwork positions the viewer directly outside an ordinary restaurant in New York allowing them a clear view through the front window. The artist focuses the viewer past the menu cards placed in order on the table and the mouth-watering foods and the waitress trying to adjust them5. The view presents wooden polished interior characterized by a tiled floor and mirrored walls. In the

Ethics and Legal Environment Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Legal Environment Essay Something’s Rotten in Hondo is a case wherein a plant manager, George Mackee, needs to decide whether to get rid of the charges inflicted by the Environmental Protection Agency or EPA or to move in Mexico. He is in a dilemma because if he would choose the former, he has very little chance of eliminating the problem since Bill, George boss, refuses to finance the cleaning of the smokestack. On the other hand, if he would choose the latter, he has to lay off his current employees and hire Mexican workers as a trade-off for not being reprimanded about the EPA standards. His boss leaves the decision up to him. The most obvious ethical concerns in this case are two-fold. The first one is that if George would choose the first option – that is to devise a strategy or a technique that would eradicate the problem with the fines imposed by EPA, he would have to follow what his contemporaries are doing – that is by scheduling the heavy emissions of smokestack during nighttime when the EPA is not in patrol. This entails that he would allow the severance of the environmental pollution (particularly air pollution) for the exchange of not paying any fines to EPA. On the contrary, if George would choose the second option – that is to relocate in Mexico, he would have to dismiss most of his current employees in place of the Mexican workers. And such would include the laying off of his friends and extended families. Furthermore, if he would choose the second option, he would be tolerant of the air pollution caused by the plant’s incapacity to reduce air pollutants. In effect, George has also eliminated the problem of the company on fines issued by EPA. Application of Ethical Theories The case presented in this paper suggests particular ethical problems. For this matter, the author presents two distinct ethical dilemmas for George to decide on: Should he decide to relocate the plant to Mexico or should he just follow the strategy used by his contemporaries? But before he could arrive to a decision, he must first analyze the pros and cons of his decision. If he would choose the former, he could really eliminate the problem with the imposition of fines by the EPA since Mexico assure him that it would not reprimand the plant whatever it does. The only thing is that he has to hire Mexican workers that which implies laying off of his present employees including his friends and extended families. Conversely, if he would agree with that proposal he would also have to bear the dreadful effects of the plant’s operations on the environment, particularly on U. S. Nonetheless, if he would choose the latter, he could also get rid of the problem with the fines imposed by EPA because of failure to meet its guidelines. However, he has to take so much risk by doing the same strategy being used by his contemporaries. In addition, he also has to endure the environmental effects of such strategy just to avoid being reprimanded again by EPA and his boss. Kantian Categorical Imperative If he would apply Kantian’s Categorical Imperative that is by doing his duty, he ought not to do the strategy utilized by his contemporaries (his first option). This is for the reason that he has a duty to protect the environment for both the present and future generations. Plus the fact that his workers have to suffer if he would fire them out of their works. Kant’s Categorical Imperative suggests two maxims in which a person could use to examine the morality of his action. The first maxim states that an action is morally right if one could make such action a universal law. This means that if one could make his action universal or applicable to all others by making it a rule then such action is morally accepted thus it is right. The second maxim, in contrast, focuses on the idea of always treating all human persons as ends and never as means to an end. This maxim argues that every human person has dignity to be respected and has rights as a human thus everyone must act in promoting others rights and not promoting harm to them On the other hand, Kant would not also choose the second option because it also implies environmental degradation. Though he avoids being fined by EPA as well as not even being reprimanded by EPA whatever their operation is, for Kant, he would fail to do the maxims under the Categorical Imperative. He could never make his action or decision as a universal law. Likewise, he would treat other people as mere instruments to achieve his goal by inflicting heath hazards due to smokestack emissions. Kant would suggest that George must never make a decision that would tend to harm the environment because such would also cause severe consequences to the people. As evident in the two options, both would result to the degradation of the environment. Thus, Kant would say that George decision, whichever of the two, would be unethical and morally wrong. Kant would recommend that George must be able to find ways that would not lead to the toleration of environmental pollution. For example, George could instead convince his boss that the only way to solve the problem that would not require him to sacrifice the welfare of the environment is to invest for new technologies that would lessen the emission of smokestack. And such would not even require new scrubbers. Such action is a long-term advantage for the company as well as for the environment. Mill’s Utilitarianism JS Mill’s Utilitarianism would even strengthen the position of not deciding on either of the two options since both would result to environmental pollution. Mill’s Utilitarianism is premised on the idea that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. In other words, Utilitarian principle is mainly directed towards the social utility of an act. This means that if an action can benefit or inflict advantages to more people then such action is morally right. In the case of George, either of the two options would make him tolerate the harm done against the environment. Environment is an essential mechanism that is necessary for human survival. If he would choose the first or the latter option as his decision, he could save the company but inflict great harm to more number of people. Mill would say that George must devise a way in which he could settle the crisis in the company without sacrificing the environment because lots people, including him and his family, depend on the environment’s gifts. Thus, Mill would also recommend the same thing as Kant. Convince his boss by arguing that it is risky and detrimental to the environment if he would follow what his contemporaries are doing. If EPA would find out such underground activities, the company could even be sanctioned more than the imposition of fines. The same thing goes with the second option. If the government of U. S. would find out that the company’s operation cause harsh effects to their environment then there is a big possibility that U. S. would inflict undesirable measures against the company. Rights-based Theory on Decision-making The rights-based theories suggest that it is not always the case that the morality of an action is based on the great benefit that it can produce. At the same time, the rights-based theories do not solely advocate the respect of rights of human persons. These theories suggest that while everyone has a duty to recognize and value the rights of other people (negative rights); it is also everyone’s duty to promote for other’s goals (positive rights). In such manner, the contending ethical theories of Kantianism and Utilitarianism are reconciled in a way that both their concerns are being considered. In the first place, rights are inviolable. They are inalienable or cannot be taken away from human persons no matter what the situation is. Thus, there is no sufficient and rational reason to go against their rights without their consent. The rights-based theories are premised on the idea that every person has the right to choose on how he would like to live his own life. It is not only a person’s duty to respect these rights but also to promote the accomplishment of the goals of other people. By doing so, the rights defined earlier are more strengthen and more realized. In the case of Hondo, George, as a manager, has a duty towards the company. Still, he has duty towards other people. Choosing either of the two decisions would disrespect the rights and disregard the goals of these people. For the rights-based theories, such decision is unethical. The more appropriate way to solve the problem is for George to lend money from a bank so as to install new technology that would lessen the emission of smokestack. He does not really need to hire new scrubbers. By having new technology, for instance machines that clean smokestack, he would not have to result to environmental pollution. It is costly in the beginning but its benefits would be greatly appreciated in the long run. Justice-based Theories in Decision-making In justice-based theories, the overriding principle is focus on the idea of fair. According to John Rawls, the morality of an action can only be measured by appealing to the principle of justice. In his A Theory of Justice, he suggests two principles: liberty and wealth. The former is expressed to explain justice by saying that all must have an equal extent in which they can enjoy and practice their liberties. A least extensive curtailment of liberty is advocated on the condition that such would be shared by all. This entails that an act is right is the product of such act is amenable to all. Hence, justice, in such context, is morally right. In resolving the ethical dilemma faced by George, Justice-based theories would advice him to consider if his decision would be fair to all. Obviously, both options are not beneficial to all. And at the same time, these two options are not the only available options which George has. If he would employ either one of the two options, he would not be just; knowing that if he would be in the place of other people who depend on and survive through environment he would not also endure such nor be willing to agree with such idea. It could be the case that the he and the company are amenable to either of the two options. Nevertheless, others are not really disposed to accept such. Hence, George must not employ such decisions. For George, he could, instead, make control-strategies that would monitor and regulate the emission of smokestack before, during, and even after the plant’s operation in order to examine well the problems concerning the smokestack. Furthermore he could meet with his workers and discuss the problem. He may solicit suggestions on how they could lessen the pollution secreted by their plant onto the environment. After that, he may ask for support from banks by lending or getting loan. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was from the line of Piaget who used moral framework to discuss the psychological development of a human person. His thesis on Moral Development suggests that there are six stages wherein a person passes through before he reaches the ultimate state of being a moral person. This theory will be used to show how Kohlberg’s method would help George in resolving his faced ethical dilemma. The first stage is focus on the idea that one person is initially instructed to obey laws such that he could avoid punishment. This is the primary conception on morality that a person has during his early years. With regards to the case presented in this paper, the appeal to laws and rules concerning environmental protection is the most obvious consideration for George’s decision. He would not decide either of the two options since both would make him violate the law regarding the protection of the environment. On the other hand, if he fails to solve the problem immediately, he might receive punishment from his boss (i. e. termination or demotion). The point is that which of the two punishments could George endure more? More likely than not, he would choose not be imprisoned than being demoted or terminated by his boss. The second stage suggests that every person has his own way of thinking which makes every topic or matter subjective to each person. The thing that works for someone or the thing that is considered right by someone may not be the same for another person. Thus, morality in this stage is relative. George could say that the least that he could that would benefit him and put him out of the dilemma that he is in is by either doing the first option or the second option. Both would mean resolution of his problem yet would cause damage to the environment. If he is a nature-lover he would not go for such decision. But if he is a money-lover, he would employ one of the two alternatives. The third stage is concern on the character in which a person thinks of ways on how he can do good things to the persons close to him (e. . family and friends). This means that his initial moral outlook is directed towards the things that he can do for the sake of his loved ones. In the case, if George is at this stage, he would be more inclined to decide and act so as to promote his family and friends’ welfare. Thus, if he would decide on his problem, he would not choose to relocate since his wife is not in favor of this idea and such will inflict great personal unhappiness to his friends who work in the plant.

ICT and Its Impact on an Individuals Work and Personal Life :: ICT Essays

A report into how ICT has had an impact on an individuals working and personnel life For this report I decided to ask my mum how her life has changed since computers became involved daily in life. I wrote 10 questions each with questions incorporated to get a wide view on how it has had had an impact on her life. I asked my mum 'when did you first use a computer, and was it at the workplace or at home?' she answered 'I first used a computer at work because it was part of my new job' I then asked if she went on a course to help learn new skills and did she find it useful as follow up questions. She replied ' no, I wasn't given the opportunity to go on a course I simply had to teach myself it would have been a lot better if I had been on a course though. I then wanted to find out if she was comfortable about using ICT and if she was confident with it. I asked 'Was ICT a big change for you which you didn't really want to take because you found it intimidating, or did you relish the thought of learning new skills?' she answered ' yes I found it extremely intimidating as everyone else in my office new how to work a computer and I felt left behind. People also thought that because they knew I should so I found it very stressful' Next I wanted to know how much exactly had ICT changed her working life I asked if it had and she answered 'after a long time I have started to enjoy using the computer and I find it very useful At work Health and safety is a crucial part of a working place and regulations must be taken seriously so I asked 'how do you solve problems to do with health and safety? Are there any issues you feel strongly about and feel something should be done?' she replied 'I believe health and safety is very important and my workplace feels the same and are keen to address and problems'. I then wanted to know 'if any health and safety issues affected her personally on an everyday basis and what was done about them?' she replied ' no I don't have any they affect me on a day to day basis' Next I wanted to know how ICT helped her at home if it did at all. I wanted to know how often a computer was used for and how frequently if one was owned.

Federal Budget Deficit

Excessive Borrowing: Our Federal Government's Budget Deficit Maria comes home one day earlier than usual. Her family, two daughters of age five and eight and a stay-at-home husband, is surprised to see her so early and unexpectedly. The tired look on her face reveals the experience she had at work. She brings out a sluggish smile as her daughters rush up to greet her with their warm embraces, reminding her of the happiness they constantly provide but also saddened by their questionable future. Quietly, she sits down in front of her anxious spouse as he patiently awaits the news, sensing the tension in the air.Many people like Maria face the ultimate doom of losing the only method they can gain family income, especially in homes where only one spouse is employed. Laying off workers is the government's â€Å"plan† for reducing America's deficit. Of course, getting rid of the executive CEO whose company had a rough year would be bad because we all know not to bite the hand that f eeds you. The federal government is planning on making the gap between revenue and borrowing smaller by making cuts here and there throughout certain interests of America.This makes sense because in all economic situations, if you are spending more than you have, then you either need to cut back on how much you spend or manipulate ways to increase revenue. Cutting military spending has been big in debate whether as to reduce our defenses or not. Many people speculate that military cuts are sound in reducing the deficit because it is too large for us to afford today. It is overlooked that we have been dropping our armed forces significantly over several decades since the early 1980s, from 2. 1 million to 1. 4 million in 2010 (Samuelson).The resulting savings of lowering military spending would be little, since there isn't much else to cut from the already reduced forces. If our national security is a large concern, especially after 9/11, then why expose both troops and citizens at ri sk of terrorist attacks and cyber warfare? The government's job is to protect the nation and its people, and putting money towards improved technology and training is necessary for upholding America's safety and reputation. The question of the budget deficit also involves the issue of raising taxes, one that has not gone smoothly since Britain's reign over the colonies.Many people argue the importance of increasing the taxes on the rich in order to support our economy. Although it makes sense that those with more money should be paying more on taxes than lower income people, but the evidence gathered fails to give strength to the claim that many believe is a solution to the deficit problem. For instance, Obama's plan for raising the taxes for â€Å"those making more than $250,00 is expected to bring in merely $0. 7 trillion† compared to the overwhelming $13 trillion to be accumulated over the same time period (Malm, Sanandaji).It is obvious how big the gap is between the two intimidating numbers, and the government is just wasting its breath about the potential tax hikes. All the talk about the inevitable decisions of either cutting government programs or increasing taxes to save our deficit, and our economy overall, seems ominous and depressing(Aaron). However, our federal government is looking at this the wrong way. It's not about how much a program is cut or how large the numeric value of the deficit is; it's about what and where the money is being invested to enable consistent growth in the upcoming future(Conason).Think back on the potential tax hikes and how it could barely affect our economy. If increased taxes leads to slight growth in revenue, then won't tax cuts lead to loss in revenue? This is another misconception many people, and the government, have about the Bush tax cuts. It lowered the total federal tax burden in order to â€Å"increase market incentives to work, save, and invest and thus create jobs and increase economic growth† (Foy). In essence, the tax cuts focused on the long run instead of the potential losses that immediately followed.Many skeptics challenge the reasoning for investing so much money into helping so many other countries when that money could instead help us improve internal affairs. After all, foreign aid spending has increased to $50 billion a year today, which could be put towards funding education to ensure that more kids go to college and possibly affecting the innovation of the future(Morris). Giving more than you receive is nice, but when it involves a country's financial crisis, maybe it's best if Santa cuts back some of this year's presents.And although the argument may be valid, lending out a helping hand can create more allies than enemies to help us in return when we need it. In fact, foreign aid only accounts for 0. 5 percent of the federal budget (Stearn). Compared to all the other matters at hand that the government is worrying about, the amount of spending put into aidi ng poorer countries is positive in both a moral aspect and a political aspect. The federal budget deficit that we put so much trust in having handled for us is not to be dismissed so easily. This isn't just about the future of our current generation, but also our children's future.Our government fails to look back at history and see how growth has improved our economy and made it flourish. Ultimately, what's at stake here if nothing is done is our jobs, job benefits, our safety, and, overall, having a weak country whose currency is based off of its own good name. By no means is having a high deficit bad, and neither is creating a budget deficit to combat it, but it's all about how the government is handling it, and less spending doesn't always mean more revenue. Works Cited Samuelson, Robert J. â€Å"The Dangerous Debate over Cutting Military Spending. http://www. washingtonpost. com/opinions/the-dangerous-debate-over-cutting-military-spending/2011/10/28/gIQAnPWEXM_story. html. 201 1. Rpt. in  The US Deficit. Ed. Kathy Jennings and Lynn M. Zott. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Sanandaji, Tino, and Arvid Malm. â€Å"Raising Taxes Will Not Resolve the Budget Deficit. â€Å"The US Deficit. Ed. Kathy Jennings and Lynn M. Zott. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Obama's Folly: Why Taxing the Rich Is No Solution. http://www. american. com/archive/2011/august/obamasfollytaxingtherich/ article_print. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Conason, Joe. â€Å"Deficits Do Not Matter. †Ã‚  The Federal Budget Deficit. Ed. Susan Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Dick Cheney Was Right: Deficits Don't Matter—and Republicans Who are Complaining About Barack Obama's Spending Are Hypocrites. †Ã‚  Salon. com. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Aaron, Henry J. â€Å"The Un ited States Needs to Address Two Distinct Budget Deficits. Government Spending. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"A Tale of Two Deficits: Stop Treating Them Like They're the Same Thing! †Ã‚  New Republic  (1 June 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Foy, Andrew, and Brenton Stransky. â€Å"The Bush Tax Cuts Were Good for Economic Growth. †Ã‚  Government Spending. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Lying About Bush's Tax Cuts. â€Å"www. americanthinker. com. 2010. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.Stearns, Richard. â€Å"Congress Should Not Cut Foreign Aid. †Ã‚  Is Foreign Aid Necessary? Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Cutting Foreign Aid: Not the America I Love. †Ã‚  Huffington Post. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Morris, Di ck. â€Å"Congress Should Cut Foreign Aid. †Ã‚  Is Foreign Aid Necessary? Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Cut Foreign Aid Budget Now. †Ã‚  http://thehill. com  (29 Mar. 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.

The s Theory Of Biological Naturalism - 937 Words

In this paper I analyze the statement, â€Å"To me, the forest looks a deep shade of green,† from a functionalist perspective, and discuss how it provides a sufficient and an insufficient account of conscious mental phenomena. Functionalism claims that mental states are nothing but functional, causal relations between elements in the brain, such as beliefs and desires, and the external world. First, I analyze the given statement from a functionalist stance. Then, I discuss possible objections to functionalism focusing on the notion of â€Å"qualia† and John Searle’s notion of the Background. Finally, I shall conclude with an analysis on Searle’s theory of biological naturalism, illustrating how it successfully accounts for consciousness and mental states. According to functionalism, mental states are causal states that do not depend on the internal constitution of a particular system, but are defined by their functional roles in the system. 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